List of Sources by Page

Outline of Specific Sources by Page

I would like to take the opportunity to thank the following people for their immense support and help in the editing of this site:

Dr. Jeffrey Robbins
Mrs. Roselyn Robbins
Ms. Kara Smith
Ms. Elizabeth Jelus
Mrs. Nancy Beauregard
Mrs. Rebecca McFarlan
Mrs. Naomi Horchack-Morris

I would also like to thank my astronomy professor Christopher Mihos, for his support and permission to extensively use the materials presented on his class web pages.

Finally, I would like to thank the original coach for the Journey Through the Galaxy web site, Joanne Herrmann, and the coaches for the SPACE site that is now included in this site, Joanne Herrmann and Susan Cioffoletti.

The Sun (All Pages)
- Images
  - Solar Eclipse: http://umbra.nascom.nasa.gov/eclipse/images/eclipse_images.html
  - Solar Prominence: http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap990923.html
  - Spirograph Nebula: http://heritage.stsci.edu/gallery/galindex.html
  - Spicules and Sunspot Graphs: http://science.msfc.nasa.gov/ssl/pad/solar/
- Information
  - A mixture of bibliographic sources
  - Some specific data: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/
  - Future evolution of Sun: http://burro.astr.cwru.edu/Academics/Astr221/index.html
- Data (sunspots): http://science.msfc.nasa.gov/ssl/pad/solar/greenwch.htm and http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/stp/SOLAR/ftpsunspotnumber.html
Planets
- Data Tables: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/
- Mercury
  - Image: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/photo_gallery/
- Venus
  - Images: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/photo_gallery/
- Earth
  - Planet Page
    - Image: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/photo_gallery/
  - Earth's Moon
    - Image
      - Taken by spacecraft Galileo on 12/09/1990 at approx. 350,000 miles; this is a composite of three separate images taken in different colors: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/photo_gallery/
    - Information
      - Specific information on the cratering history: http://burro.astr.cwru.edu/Academics/Astr221/index.html
- Mars
  - Planet Page
    - Images
      - Mars: Taken by the Hubble Space Telescope during the Mars-Earth 2003 Opposition: http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/
      - Olympus Mons: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/photo_gallery/
      - Valles Marineris: http://ltp.arc.nasa.gov/lfm/photos/mars.html
    - Some specific information: http://burro.astr.cwru.edu/Academics/Astr221/index.html
  - Mars' Moons
    - Images: http://www.nineplanets.org/
    - Information
      - Some specific information: http://www.nineplanets.org/
      - Data Table information on discovery date and discoverer from http://windows.arc.nasa.gov/tour/link=/our_solar_system/moons_table.html&edu=elem
      - Mars' Moons discovery information: Chester, Geoff. "Martian Chronicles." Astronomy, August, p. 40-45 (2003).
  - "Life" on Mars
    - Images
      - Viking Orbiter's Cyadonia Region: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/photo_gallery/
      - Mars Global Surveyor's Cyadonia Region: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/photo_gallery/
      - ALH84001 Slice: http://www-curator.jsc.nasa.gov/curator/antmet/marsmets/Text.htm
      - ALH84001 Close-Up of "Fossils": http://www-curator.jsc.nasa.gov/curator/antmet/marsmets/Text.htm
    - Most of the information: http://burro.astr.cwru.edu/Academics/Astr221/index.html
- Jupiter
  - Planet Page
    - Images
      - Jupiter: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/photo_gallery/
      - Comet P/Shoemaker-Levy 9: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/photo_gallery/
      - Comet P/Shoemaker-Levy 9 Impact Sites: http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/newsdesk/archive/releases/1994/
      - Jupiter's Rings: http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/images/images.html
      - Great Dark Spot: 3-color filter image by Voyager 1: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/photo_gallery/
    - Some specific information: http://burro.astr.cwru.edu/Academics/Astr221/index.html
  - Jupiter's Moons
    - Images: http://www.nineplanets.org/
    - Some specific information: http://burro.astr.cwru.edu/Academics/Astr221/index.html
    - Data Table information on discovery date and discoverer from http://windows.arc.nasa.gov/tour/link=/our_solar_system/moons_table.html&edu=elem
- Uranus
  - Planet Page
    - Images
      - Uranus: http://www.nineplanets.org/
      - Uranus' Rings: http://www.nineplanets.org/
    - Some specific information: http://burro.astr.cwru.edu/Academics/Astr221/index.html
  - Uranus' Moons
    - Images: http://www.nineplanets.org/
    - Data Table information on discovery date and discoverer from http://windows.arc.nasa.gov/tour/link=/our_solar_system/moons_table.html&edu=elem
- Neptune
  - Planet Page
    - Images
      - Neptune: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/photo_gallery/
      - High Cirrus Clouds: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/photo_gallery/
      - Neptune's Great Dark Spot: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/photo_gallery/
      - Neptune without Great Dark Spot: Taken by the Hubble Space Telescope: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/photo_gallery/
    - Some specific information: http://burro.astr.cwru.edu/Academics/Astr221/index.html
  - Neptune's Moons
    - Image: http://www.nineplanets.org/
    - Data Table information on discovery date and discoverer from http://windows.arc.nasa.gov/tour/link=/our_solar_system/moons_table.html&edu=elem
- Pluto
  - Planet Page
    - Image: http://www.nineplanets.org/
    - Some specific information: http://burro.astr.cwru.edu/Academics/Astr221/index.html
    - Information about Charon's discovery from Öpik, E. "Charon - The Remarkable Satellite of Pluto" (1978).
  - Pluto's Moon
    - Image: http://www.nineplanets.org/
    - Some specific information: http://burro.astr.cwru.edu/Academics/Astr221/index.html
    - Information on original measurements from Öpik, E. "Charon - The Remarkable Satellite of Pluto" (1978).
    - Data from: Stern, S.A. et al. "Characteristics and Origin of the Quadruple System at Pluto" (2006). and Buie, M.W. et al. "Orbits and Photometry of Pluto's Satellites: Charon, S/2005 P1, and S/2005 P2" (2006).
    - Radius of Charon and revised density from ESO Press Release on January 4, 2006.
Asteroids
- Images
  - Gaspra: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/
  - Ida and Dactyl: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/
- Information
  - A mixture of bibliographic sources
  - Some specific information about different orbits of asteroids: http://burro.astr.cwru.edu/Academics/Astr221/index.html
  - Asteroid data table adapted from http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/asteroidfact.html and http://www.solarviews.com/eng/asteroid.htm
  - Martian meteorite data table adapted from http://www-curator.jsc.nasa.gov/curator/antmet/marsmets/Text.htm
Comets
- Images
  - Halley: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/photo_gallery/
- Information
  - A mixture of bibliographic sources
  - Some specific information about comet tails: http://burro.astr.cwru.edu/Academics/Astr221/index.html
  - Other information: http://encke.jpl.nasa.gov/
  - Comet data table adapted from http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/cometfact.html and http://www.light1998.com/comets_table.html
The "Edge"
- Images
  - Quaoar's orbit: http://oposite.stsci.edu/pubinfo/pictures.html
  - 1992 QB1: Used with permission from http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/faculty/jewitt/kb.html
- Information
  - A mixture of bibliographic sources
  - Some data on the Kuiper Belt and Oort Cloud: http://burro.astr.cwru.edu/Academics/Astr221/index.html
  - Information on the Kuiper Belt: http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/faculty/jewitt/kb.html

Nebulae and Stellar Birth
- Images
  - Emission Nebula: Eagle Nebula (M16): http://oposite.stsci.edu/pubinfo/pictures.html
  - Emission Nebula: Lagoon Nebula (M8): http://oposite.stsci.edu/pubinfo/pictures.html
  - Reflection Nebula: Pleiades (M45): http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/newsdesk/archive/releases/2004/20/
  - Dark Nebula: Horsehead Nebula (Barnard 33), taken by the Hubble Space Telescope: http://oposite.stsci.edu/pubinfo/pictures.html
  - Planetary Nebula: Cat's Eye Nebula: http://oposite.stsci.edu/pubinfo/pictures.html
  - Planetary Nebula: Retina Nebula: http://heritage.stsci.edu/gallery/galindex.html
  - Supernova Remnant: N132D in LMC: http://oposite.stsci.edu/pubinfo/pictures.html
- Information
  - A mixture of bibliographic sources
  - Information on M8, M16, and M45: http://www.seds.org/messier/
  - Most information on birth: http://burro.astr.cwru.edu/Academics/Astr221/index.html
Life and Death Pages
- Image
  - Supernova Remnant: N132D in LMC: http://oposite.stsci.edu/pubinfo/pictures.html
- Information
  - A mixture of bibliographic sources
  - Most Information: http://burro.astr.cwru.edu/Academics/Astr221/index.html
Neutron Stars and Pulsars
- Information
  - A mixture of bibliographic sources
Black Holes
- Image
  - Theoretical black hole and companion star by NASA: http://oposite.stsci.edu/pubinfo/pictures.html
- Information
  - A mixture of bibliographic sources
  - Description of falling into a black hole: Couper, Heather, and Nigel Henbest. Black Holes. New York: DK Publishing, Inc., 1996.
  - http://www.dragonweave.com/gothos/html/black_holes/rotating_black_holes.html
Clusters
- Images
  - Pleiades Open Cluster (M45): http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/newsdesk/archive/releases/2004/20/
  - Globular Cluster: M80 AKA NGC 6093 taken by the Hubble Space Telescope: http://oposite.stsci.edu/pubinfo/pictures.html
- Information
  - A mixture of bibliographic sources
  - Information about M45: http://www.seds.org/messier/m/m045.html
  - Information about M80: http://www.seds.org/messier/m/m080.html
Binary and Variable
- Information
  - A mixture of bibliographic sources
  - Record for fastest binary star orbit: http://physicsweb.org/article/news/6/3/16/1
H-R Diagram
- Information
  - A mixture of bibliographic sources
  - Dates and specifics for the first H-R Diagram: http://burro.astr.cwru.edu/Academics/Astr221/index.html

How to Find Them
- Images
  - Object TMR-1C: http://oposite.stsci.edu/pubinfo/pictures.html
  - 2M1207: ESO Press Release.
- Information
  - Specifics about object TMR-1C: http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/2000/13/image/a
  - Specifics about 2M1207: ESO Press Release
Data Trends
- Data: http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/planets/

Big Bang
- In-depth information on Big Bang evidence: http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/gr/public/bb_home.html
- Images: http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/
History
- Times and temperatures: http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/gr/public/bb_home.html
- Some description of various stages: http://www.umich.edu/~gs265/bigbang.htm
- Particle physics information: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Indx.html
- In-depth information on nucleosynthesis: http://burro.astr.cwru.edu/Academics/Astr222
Death?
- New (and some Old) research: http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/

Pre-20th Century
- Ancient Astronomy
  - Babylonians
    - Information:
      - Zbikowska, I. "Babylonian Discovery of Planets." Vistas in Astronomy, 39, p. 727 (1995).
      - Chatley, H. "Notes on Babylonian Astronomy." The Observatory, 71, p. 120-121 (1951).
      - Sayce, A.H. and R.H.M. Bosanquet. "Preliminary Paper on the Babylonian Astronomy." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 39, p. 454-461 (1879).
      - Sayce, A.H. and R.H.M. Bosanquet. "The Babylonian Astronomy, No. 2." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 40, p. 105-123 (1880).
      - http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/rhatch/HIS-SCI-STUDY-GUIDE/0014_babylonianAstron.html
  - Greeks
    - Information:
      - Ionides, S.A. and M.L. Ionides. "Astronomy in Ancient Greece." Leaflet of the Astronical Society of the Pacific, 3, p. 349-356 (1941).
    - Images
      - Ptolemy: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/learning_center/people/
  - Egyptians
    - Information:
      - Spence, Kate. "Ancient Egyptian Chronology and the Astronomical Orientation of Pyramids." Nature, 408, p. 320-324 (2000).
      - Parker, R.A. "Ancient Egyptian Astronomy." Royal Society of London Philosophical Transactions Series A, 276, p. 51-65 (1974).
      - Ionides, S.A. and M.L. Ionides. "Astronomy in Ancient Egypt." Leaflet of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 4, p. 17-24 (1941).
      - Robbins, Stuart. "Ancient Astronomical Wisdom: A Treatise of the Ancient European World's Ability to Obtain and Utilize Astronomy for General Knowlede and Scientific Inquiry." (2001).
      - Luck, R.E. "Egypt and Archaeoastronomy." Lecture, Spring 2003.
  - Others
    - Information:
      - Ionides, S.A. and M.L. Ionides. "Astronomy in Ancient Greece." Leaflet of the Astronical Society of the Pacific, 3, p. 349-356 (1941).
      - Luck, R.E. "Chinese Astronomy: 2000 BCE to 1000 CE." Lecture, Spring 2003.
      - Luck, R.E. "MesoAmerican Astronomy." Lecture, Spring 2003.
      - Some Information on China: http://www.spacetoday.org/China/ChinaAstronomy.html
      - Information on Polynesians: http://www.astronomy.pomona.edu/archeo/islands/polynesia2.html
    - Images
      - Halley's Comet: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/photo_gallery/
  - Calendars
    - Information:
      - Parker, R.A. "Ancient Egyptian Astronomy." Royal Society of London Philosophical Transactions Series A, 276, p. 51-65 (1974).
      - Bosanquet, R.H.M. and Sayce, A.H. "The Babylonian Astronomy, No. 3." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 40, p. 565-578 (1880).
      - Luck, R.E. "Chinese Astronomy: 2000 BCE to 1000 CE." Lecture, Spring 2003.
      - Luck, R.E. "MesoAmerican Astronomy." Lecture, Spring 2003.
- Europe through the Scientific Revolution (whole section)
  - Image Credits
    - Nicholas Copernicus: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/learning_center/people/
    - Galileo Galilei: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/learning_center/people/
    - Tycho Brahe: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/learning_center/people/
    - Johannes Kepler: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/learning_center/people/
    - Isaac Newton: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/learning_center/people/
  - Information
    - A mixture of bibliographic sources
    - Chaisson, Eric and Steve McMillan. Astronomy Today. 4th ed. 2 vols. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall, Inc. 2002.
    - Current value of the Gravitational Constant: http://www.aip.org/enews/physnews/2000/split/pnu482-1.htm
    - Most of the Tycho Brahe information: Falk, Dan. "The Rise and Fall of Tycho Brahe." Astronomy, December, p. 52-57 (2003).
- Modern History to 1900
  - Image
    - Andromeda Galaxy (M31): http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap991114.html
    - Image of JLE Dryer: http://www.seds.org/messier/xtra/similar/dreyer.html
  - Information
    - A mixture of bibliographic sources
    - Messier Catalogue history: http://www.seds.org/messier/xtra/history/m-cat.html and http://www.seds.org/messier/xtra/history/deepskyd.html
    - NGCHistory: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_General_Catalogue, http://star.arm.ac.uk/history/dreyer.html, and http://star.arm.ac.uk/history/dreyer.html
20th Century - unless other information is included, all of the exploratory missions and probes, as well as images included with them, were found on NASA's National Space Science Data Center (NSSDS) website: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/
- People
  - Edwin Powell Hubble
    - Image of Hubble: http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/learning_center/people/
    - Information
      - A mixture of bibliographic sources
  - Albert Einstein
    - Image of Einstein: http://www.th.physik.uni-frankfurt.de/~jr/physpiceinstein.html
    - Information
      - A mixture of bibliographic sources
  - Stephen William Hawking
    - Image of Hawking: http://library.thinkquest.org/25755/frames/p_hawking.html
    - Information
      - A mixture of bibliographic sources
- Earth & Moon Missions and Satellites
  - Gemini
    - Images: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/gemini.html
    - Information: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/gemini.html
  - Apollo
    - Images: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/apollo.html
    - Information: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/apollo.html
  - Hubble Space Telescope
    - Images
      - Picture of the HST: http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/1996/26/
      - Hubble Deep Field North: http://oposite.stsci.edu/pubinfo/pictures.html
      - Eagle Nebula (M16): http://oposite.stsci.edu/pubinfo/pictures.html
    - Information: A mixture of bibliographic sources
    - Hubble Heritage Images and Information: http://heritage.stsci.edu/gallery/galindex.html
- Missions to Other Planets
  - Mariner
    - Images
      - Mariner 5: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/projects.html
      - Mariner 9: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/projects.html
      - Mercury: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/photo_gallery/
    - Information: A mixture of bibliographic sources
  - Pioneers
    - Images: http://spaceprojects.arc.nasa.gov/Space_Projects/pioneer/PNhome.html
    - Information
      - A mixture of bibliographic sources
      - Recent information: http://spaceprojects.arc.nasa.gov/Space_Projects/pioneer/PNhome.html
  - Voyagers
    - Images
      - Voyager: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/projects.html
      - Uranus: http://www.nineplanets.org/
      - Neptune: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/photo_gallery/
    - Information: A mixture of bibliographic sources
  - Other Mars Missions
    - Images
      - Viking Lander: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/projects.html
      - Viking Panorama of Mars: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/projects.html
      - Pathfinder Sunset from Mars: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/marspath_images.html
      - Mars Northern Polar Region Storms from MGS: http://mpfwww.jpl.nasa.gov/mgs/index.html
    - Information
      - A mixture of bibliographic sources
      - Some information on MGS: http://mpfwww.jpl.nasa.gov/mgs/index.html
  - Galileo
    - Images: http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/
    - Information: A mixture of bibliographic sources
21st Century So Far
- Earth and Moon
  - Information
    - Most information: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/projects.html
    - Postponement of MUSES-C launch: http://www.isas.ac.jp/dtc/MUSESC/text-e.html
  - Image: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/projects.html
- Other Inner Planets
  - Information: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/projects.html
  - Images
    - Most images: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/projects.html
    - Candor Chasma on Mars from the THEMIS on the 2001 Mars Odyssey: http://themis.la.asu.edu/zoom-20021210a.html
- Outer Planets
  - Information: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/projects.html
  - Images
    - Jupiter an Ganymede from Cassini on December 8, 2000: http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/jupiter-flyby/index.cfm
- Comets, Asteroids, and Sun
  - Information: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/projects.html
  - Images
    - Most images: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/projects.html
    - CONTOUR Fragments: http://spacewatch.lpl.arizona.edu/contour.html
Near Future
- European Space Agency (ESA)
  - Images: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/projects.html
  - Most Information: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/projects.html
  - New mission information for Rosetta: http://sci.esa.int/content/news/index.cfm?aid=1&cid=1&oid=32381
  - Other information from the various project home pages.
- ISAS (Japan)
  - Images: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/projects.html
  - Information
    - Most information: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/projects.html
- NASA
  - Images: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/projects.html
  - Most information: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/projects.html
  - Information on MRO becoming part of the "interplanetary internet": http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/